Encounter synonym的問題，透過圖書和論文來找解法和答案更準確安心。 我們挖掘到下列精選懶人包

Prisoners of Shangri-la: Tibetan Buddhism and the West

為了解決Encounter synonym的問題，作者Lopez, Donald S., Jr. 這樣論述：

To the Western imagination, Tibet evokes exoticism, mysticism, and wonder: a fabled land removed from the grinding onslaught of modernity, spiritually endowed with all that the West has lost. Originally published in 1998, Prisoners of Shangri-La provided the first cultural history of the strange

encounter between Tibetan Buddhism and the West. Donald Lopez reveals here fanciful misconceptions of Tibetan life and religion. He examines, among much else, the politics of the term "Lamaism," a pejorative synonym for Tibetan Buddhism; the various theosophical, psychedelic, and New Age purposes se

rved by the so-called Tibetan Book of the Dead; and the unexpected history of the most famous of all Tibetan mantras, om mani padme hum. More than pop-culture anomalies, these versions of Tibet are often embedded in scholarly sources, constituting an odd union of the popular and the academic, of fan

cy and fact. Upon its original publication, Prisoners of Shangri-La sent shockwaves through the field of Tibetan studies--hailed as a timely, provocative, and courageous critique. Twenty years hence, the situation in Tibet has only grown more troubled and complex--with the unrest of 2008, the demoli

tion of the dwellings of thousands of monks and nuns at Larung Gar in 2016, and the scores of self-immolations committed by Tibetans to protest the Dalai Lama's exile. In his new preface to this anniversary edition, Lopez returns to the metaphors of prison and paradise to illuminate the state of Tib

etan Buddhism--both in exile and in Tibet--as monks and nuns still seek to find a way home. Prisoners of Shangri-La remains a timely and vital inquiry into Western fantasies of Tibet.

Debates on Civilization in the Muslim World: Critical Perspectives on Islam and Modernity

為了解決Encounter synonym的問題，作者Sunar, Lutfi (EDT) 這樣論述：

Since its birth as a concept, civilization has been defined by an encounter with the 'other'. Barbarism, the ever-ready counter concept, has provided civilization with its raison d'etre-that of exerting violence upon other societies to 'civilize' them. Enlightenment thinkers defined civilization as

an opponent of nature, while science and technology, tools with which nature was to be conquered, became one of the basic indicators of development. Thus was formed the unbroken tie between civilization and science. In the Muslim world, civilization became a synonym for modernization, a lifestyle im

posed by the colonialists and their local counterparts. However, as this volume reveals, the resistance to and reception of Western modernity by non-Western societies is not homogenous, nor is the 'othering' unidirectional. If the Orientalist discourse portrayed the Islamic East as an exotic, seduct

ive, and untamed 'other', a corresponding Occidentalism also stereotyped the West as the soulless, mechanistic 'other' to Islam. Challenging the embedded prejudices within social theory, Debates on Civilization in the Muslim World questions the Eurocentric understanding of civilization and also exp

lores the themes of modernization, globalization, and the future of the civilization debate. Lutfi Sunar teaches at the Department of Sociology, Istanbul University, Turkey. His research interests are classical sociological theory, orientalism, modernization, social change, and political economy.

《臺灣語典》語彙及其文化映現

為了解決Encounter synonym的問題，作者曾惠暄 這樣論述：

1922年由臺灣總督府專賣局發行之《臺灣語典》，為當時的專賣局為了使事務人員快速學習臺灣語而委託岩崎敬太郎所撰。該書綜合以下方式紀錄臺灣語，分別是臺灣語漢字，片假名標音及教會羅馬字；並用日文漢字或片假名的形式，將臺灣語翻譯為日語，形成一部臺日對譯的教科書。由於臺灣總督府專賣局人員所面對的臺灣人以從事勞動工作居多，所以《臺灣語典》的內容也以日常生活常用句型或詞彙為主。該書主要介紹的重點有二，一是臺灣語語法，二是臺灣語詞彙，本研究以詞彙及其反映的文化現象為焦點，故於語料的選擇上，以《臺灣語典》之附錄〈單語類集〉所收錄的詞彙為研究範圍，並將這些詞彙進行整理及分類，以及進一步建立詞彙表以供後

續研究之檢索與分析。 本文主要探討的問題如下：1. 從《臺灣語典》之附錄〈單語類集〉中的臺日語對譯發現語義不一致的情形；2. 岩崎對「同義詞」體例的處理方式也與一般定義的同義詞不盡相同；3.《臺灣語典》收錄了當時的許多新興外來語。因此，為了釐清上述問題的原因，並理解上述問題所反映的文化現象，本研究欲透過〈單語類集〉中的詞彙，探討其中語言現象，以及詞彙所映現出的物質文化。 本論文結果顯示：1A. 《臺灣語典》中臺日語對譯詞之間語義不一致的情形，可能是日治時期的新詞輸入臺灣時，臺灣語中對於該詞尚未有相應概念的詞彙，也沒有其他的辭典可供岩崎對照。因此岩崎對譯詞彙時，可能選用了某個概念來傳

達臺灣語的詞義。如「銚」（鋁）。1B. 《臺灣語典》中臺日語對譯後語義不一致的情況，可能與臺日語裡有許多同形詞有關，使得日本人學習臺日同形詞時可能產生誤解。如「勉強」。2A. 當岩崎因臺、日文化、語境不同，使得日文釋義無法精確對譯一組概念相似的詞時，便透過「同義詞」將兩個詞連結起來。使讀者能快速掌握詞彙大概的詞義。如「競賣／噶輪喞」（拍賣／叫賣雜貨）。2B. 岩崎敬太郎編撰〈單語類集〉時，也可能只顧慮某一組同義詞的日文釋義相同，忽略了臺灣語的語義是否同義。如：「更再／全然無」（再度／絕無）。3A. 《臺灣語典》所收錄的飲料類的譯詞，往往音譯詞在前，後方加上類名，使詞義更清晰，也能更快速辨別外來

語的成分及其類屬。如「不懶池酒」（白蘭地酒）、「使撈水」（汽水）、「珈琲茶」（咖啡）。 綜上所述，本論文不只是討論語言現象，更關注這些岩崎所篩選過的詞彙，在當時的文化映現。