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Essay on Machines in General (1786): Text, Translations and Commentaries. Lazare Carnot’’s Mechanics - Volume 1

為了解決Physical activity le的問題，作者Pisano, Raffaele,Coopersmith, Jennifer,Peake, Murray 這樣論述：

This book offers insights relevant to modern history and epistemology of physics, mathematics and, indeed, to all the sciences and engineering disciplines emergingof 19th century. This research volume is the first of a set of three Springer books onLazare Nicolas Marguérite Carnot’s (1753-1823) r

emarkable work: Essay on Machines inGeneral (Essai sur les machines en général [1783] 1786). The other two forthcomingvolumes are: Principes fondamentaux de l’équilibre et du mouvement (1803) andGéométrie de position (1803).Lazare Carnot - l’organisateur de la victoire - in Essai sur le machine en g

énéral (1786)assumed that the generalization of machines was a necessity for society and its economicdevelopment. Subsequently, his new coming science applied to machines attractedconsiderable interest for technician, as well, already in the 1780’s. With no lack inrigour, Carnot used geometric and t

rigonometric rather than algebraic arguments, andusually went on to explain in words what the formulae contained. His main physical-mathematical concepts were the Geometric motion and Moment of activity-concept ofWork . In particular, he found the invariants of the transmission of motion (by stating

the principle of the moment of the quantity of motion) and theorized the condition ofthe maximum efficiency of mechanical machines (i.e., principle of continuity in thetransmission of power).While the core theme remains the theories and historical studies of the text, the bookcontains an extensive I

ntroduction and an accurate critical English Translation -including the parallel text edition and substantive critical/explicative notes - of Essaisur les machines en général (1786). The authors offer much-needed insight into therelation between mechanics, mathematics and engineering from a conceptu

al, empiricaland methodological, and universalis point of view. As a cutting-edge writing byleading authorities on the history of physics and mathematics, and epistemologicalaspects, it appeals to historians, epistemologist-philosophers and scientists (physicists, mathematicians and applied sciences

and technology).

El corredor que llevamos dentro/ The Inner Runner: Correr Como Una Filosofia De Vida / Run Like a Philisophy of Life

為了解決Physical activity le的問題，作者Karp, Jason R./ Abasolo, Maria Laura Paz (TRN) 這樣論述：

Por qu cada vez hay m s personas interesadas en correr? Por qu correr es una de las actividades f sicas m s comunes? Qu hay en este ejercicio que empodera a tanta gente? C mo los corredores pueden sacar ventaja para crear una vida m s plena? Este libro nos muestra los beneficios psicol gicos,

emocionales, sociales y espirituales de correr.El corredor que llevamos dentro desentra a estas y otras preguntas. Este libro no trata de c mo llegar primero o de c mo correr un marat n; m s bien explora c mo el simple acto de poner un pie despu s de otro, a cierto ritmo, desarrolla nuestra creativi

dad. El autor propone cambios b sicos de estilo de vida bas ndose en las ltimas investigaciones cient ficas y en los efectos que esta actividad produce a nivel hormonal y neurol gico. Como corredor reconocido y coach de fitness, aunado a su doctorado en Fisiolog a del Ejercicio, Jason R. Karp sinte

tiza su experiencia y la compara con estudios cient ficos para los corredores de todos los niveles. l demuestra que correr nos da la oportunidad de descubrir, retar y traer a la luz lo mejor de nosotros. Correr impacta en nuestra creatividad, nuestra concentraci n, imaginaci n, confianza y salud. D

eja que El corredor que llevamos dentro te ayude no s lo a ser un mejor corredor, sino a ser una persona m s creativa, productiva e imaginativa. As que hag moslo, porque la nica forma de poner en pr ctica las ense anzas del libro es salir a correr por nuestra cuenta. Esta joya, llena de an cdotas

reveladoras y ciencia descrita al alcance de la mano, demuestra que el prop sito de Karp es que sus lectores se conviertan en mejores personas, no s lo en mejores corredores Publishers WeeklyENGLISH DESCRIPTIONWhy are so many people drawn to running? Why is running the most common physical activit

y? What is it about running that empowers so many people? And how can runners harness that power to create a more meaningful life? The Inner Runner addresses these questions and a whole lot more. This book is not about how to get faster or run a marathon; rather, it explores how the simple act of pu

tting one foot in front of the other helps you harness your creative powers. Learn about the psychological, emotional, cognitive, and spiritual benefits of running and introduce lifestyle changes based on the latest scientific research on running and its effects on hormones and the brain. As a natio

nally recognized running and fitness coach with a PhD in Exercise Physiology, Jason Karp brings his expertise in science-based coaching to runners of all levels. He believes that running gives you a chance to discover, challenge, and bring out the best in yourself by impacting your creativity, focus

, imagination, confidence, and health. Let The Inner Runner help you become not only a better runner, but a more creative, productive, and imaginative person. Skyhorse Publishing, as well as our Sports Publishing imprint, is proud to publish a broad range of books for readers interested in sports--b

ooks about baseball, pro football, college football, pro and college basketball, hockey, or soccer, we have a book about your sport or your team. In addition to books on popular team sports, we also publish books for a wide variety of athletes and sports enthusiasts, including books on running, cycl

ing, horseback riding, swimming, tennis, martial arts, golf, camping, hiking, aviation, boating, and so much more. While not every title we publish becomes a New York Times bestseller or a national bestseller, we are committed to publishing books on subjects that are sometimes overlooked by other pu

blishers and to authors whose work might not otherwise find a home. JASON R. KARP es uno de los corredores expertos de Estados Unidos, autor, escritor, fisiólogo del ejercicio, así como creador de la certificación Run-Fit Specialist. El doctor Karp ha dado docenas de conferencias internacionales y

se le considera un renombrado representante y coach en simposios de fitness y en clínicas de la salud alrededor del mundo. Otros libros suyos son Running a Marathon for Dummies, Running for Women, 101 Winning Racing Strategies for Runners, y 101 Developmental Concepts & Workouts for Cross Country R

unners. Vive en San Diego, California

布里斯洛中間體自由基反應機制之理論研究

為了解決Physical activity le的問題，作者謝明修 這樣論述：

含氮雜環卡賓（N-heterocyclic carbene）催化之化學反應中，布里斯洛中間體（Breslow intermediate）扮演重要的催化角色。布里斯洛中間體能以親核基（nucleophile）或自由基（radical）之形式參與反應。本論文探討布里斯洛中間體之自由基特性及形成機制（mechanism），其自由基可從氫自由基轉移或直接氧化形成。安息香縮合反應（benzoin condensation）中，布里斯洛中間體將氫原子轉移至苯甲醛（benzaldehyde）以形成自由基，此自由基可結合形成安息香產物，或排除反應之副產物，使其重新進入催化反應。唯此路徑之反應能障高於傳統非自

由基路徑。此研究亦探討四種布里斯洛中間體之不同電子組態的位能面。其中烯醇鹽（enolate）形式能產生偶極束縛態（dipole-bound state），此為產生自由基之新路徑；拉電子基（electron-withdrawing group）以及立體障礙基（bulky groups）可穩定基態。另外，我們亦研究布里斯洛中間體之碎片化（fragmentation）與重組（rearrangement）。布里斯洛中間體之催化反應可能因其碳氮鍵斷裂而中止，形成碎片。我們證實其反應中可以形成自由基，亦可形成離子。反應趨向之路徑與布里斯洛中間體之羥基的質子化型態有關。碎片化反應亦可視為轉酮醇酶（tran

sketolase）中之噻胺（thiamin）催化反應中之副反應；此研究證實轉酮醇酶透過限制布里斯洛中間體之結構與質子化型態，使其碳氮鍵斷裂需更高之反應能量，進而抑制此副反應。